![]() ![]() Conduktor, meanwhile, ships in three broad flavors - the free tier has fewer features and is limited to just one cluster, and would be better suited for testing or proof-of-concept projects in a local development environment. The other paid-for alternatives on the market “come at a much higher price” according to Orban. With Conduktor, you download a ready-to-use tool.” The price is right “Those open-source tools often require some development to be compiled and ready to use. “Users can find an alternative in the open source world, but those solutions all lack features, a real vision, and support,” Orban explained. ![]() Orban, however, thinks that Conduktor is “uniquely placed” to thrive in the Kafka UI space, both due to their collective experience and specific focus on bringing a UI to Kafka. And then there are a bunch of open source UI tools for Kafka as well. In truth, Confluent itself offers Kafka user interfaces, as do smaller upstarts such as Lenses, which Celonis acquired just last month. These include the likes of Aiven, which recently attained a $2 billion valuation off the back of its suite of managed open source services, which includes Kafka. While Confluent might be the poster child of the Kafka movement, as with just about every other open source project, an ecosystem of companies has emerged to capitalize on the growing demand for real-time data across the software spectrum. “The decision to switch to Apache Kafka is made at a higher level in a company’s hierarchy, but a long tail of developers impacted by that choice, and they need help to work with Kafka.”Ībove: Conduktor gathers all the required information and metrics from Kafka clusters and presents them in a single applicationĭevelopers can connect Conduktor to any cluster and all the related technologies associated with Kafka, including schema registry, ksqlDB database, and Kafka Connect, while it can work across private on-premises infrastructure and Amazon’s managed Apache Kafka service MSK, Confluent Cloud, among others. “Our core market is enterprise companies that don’t have access to the best engineers,” Orban told VentureBeat. It’s ultimately about helping companies make the most of their existing engineering resources, and minimizing the need for deep in-house expertise. In the simplest terms, Conduktor is a full-featured native desktop application that plugs directly into Apache Kafka to bring visibility to the management of Kafka clusters, applications, and microservices. In its short life so far, Conduktor claims to have attracted some 60,000 users from more than 9,000 companies, including Alcatel-Lucent Enterprise, DraftKings, and Olo. Bringing visibility to KafkaĬonduktor is the handiwork of Nicolas Orban (CEO), Stephane Maarek (CMO), and Stephane Derosiaux (CTO), who founded the company just last year following their own frustrations working with Kafka and observing similar struggles at other companies. ![]() You need access to your Topology object in your Java/Scala/Kotlin code.Today, Conduktor announced that it has raised $20 million in a series A round of funding led by Accel, with participation from Frontline Ventures and Aglaé Ventures, as it looks to “simplify working with real-time data” on the Apache Kafka platform. How do I retrieve my Topology description? If the application is down, the topology disappears and it becomes redish, time to call the developers! Here is an example importing a Kafka Streams application using the application.id myapplicationid and exposing a endpoint /topology:Ĭonduktor will then monitor the endpoint and display a summary (topics in and out) in the main listing: Conduktor will automatically fetch it regularly, adapt the metrics accordingly, and warn you if it's down.by URL: paste the endpoint of your application exposing its topology.Static: paste your topology directly inside Conduktor.Specify the application.id of your application.To do so, go to the Kafka Streams menu and click on IMPORT TOPOLOGY, then: They generally work with many topics (in/out/internal/intermediates) and can be reset when you want to start it fresh again.Ĭonduktor can help you monitoring these applications, and the topics being used. Kafka Streams applications are outside of the scope of Kafka itself, they can be running anywhere. How to import a Topology inside Conduktor, and why? This way, you can monitor your application state, topics, statestores etc. It will start a typical Kafka Streams application and expose an HTTP API to be connected to Conduktor (optional). We're providing an example you can try and fork: Kafka Streams Where to start with Kafka Streams? ![]()
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![]() ![]() Thus, this makes you more influential and powerful among your peers. You are also an excellent judge of character and can analyse an individual's personality well. This allows you to get through various challenges and overcome all obstacles in life. Moreover, your insight and intuition are exceptional. Thus, you have a knack for making things work smoothly with others. You tend to be a diplomatic and refined individual who likes to make peace with everyone. Your convincing power capabilities are more than physical ones, and physical flaws need more care. It is driven by peace and human relationships. However, you have the propensity for hesitancy or indecision, which might be suitable for professions requiring excellent dispute resolution abilities. Hence, it aims to provide equilibrium and harmony to circumstances. As per the Pythagorean Numerology chart calculator, temperance is your most robust quality. You are a founder of peace and a capable mediator. Therefore, you are a perfect fit for starting your venture and running an entrepreneurial business. ![]() Furthermore, you enjoy taking up challenges and breaking stereotypes. Your confidence, self-reliance and energy are infectious. Independence and freedom are prerequisites you cannot do without. But your authentic and original quality will set you apart from the rest. Hence, you will have a tough time accepting defeat. Moreover, according to the Pythagorean Numerology Calculator, you have the propensity to be pompous, egotistical, and driven by honour and glory. It displays a lot of courage and effort and inspires others to put in more effort. You are suitable for management positions in the armed services, the police, or businesses. You also possess innate skills in management and leadership. Here are the traits of each expression number and the Pythagorean Numerology number meanings: Pythagorean Numerology 1 Subconscious Self Number ➤ Traits of each Expression number Therefore, Pythagoras assigned the numbers 1 to 9 in a pattern resembling the letters of the alphabet from A to Z. Pythagoras used his knowledge of numbers to foretell the course of natural occurrences.Īccording to Pythagorean numbers Numerology, there is a spiritual connection between numbers and happenings. The Pythagorean Numerology system is a fascinating technique to find out information about your environment and the part you play in it. How did Pythagorean Numerology meaning evolve? This karmic debt is a product of their evil actions from their previous birth, which have followed them to this life. Pythagoras also believed that a few numbers carry some karmic debt. Whether it is about being introverted or extroverted, beautiful or ugly, they may exhibit all these qualities. He thought that numbers also have female and male characteristics and qualities. Moreover, he believed that each planet has an individual sound representing that sound in terms of numbers. Additionally, he educated his pupils about the underlying factors that numbers either explicitly or indirectly represent. This number further discloses a psychological characteristic of the individual. Therefore, his preferred study method included figuring out a human's name's Numerology to discover more about them.Īccording to Pythagoras, every letter translates into a number. The scientist and mathematician Pythagoras believed there was a connection between numbers and letters. And had a valuable contribution to the field of astrology and was known as a spiritual Guru. He was known as the father of Mathematics. Pythagoras was an ancient Greek philosopher who specialised in astrology, Numerology, art, and spiritual enlightenment. In Pythagoras' Numerology, concepts like destiny number, life path number, soul urge number, personality number etc., are available, which help to know the destiny of human beings. For example, the kind of Numerology in the contemporary world was initially developed by Pythagoras. In addition, he was the creator of several vital theorems still in use today. Pythagoras is credited with inventing contemporary analytical geometry, equation solving, and form analysis. Pythagorean Numerology Number - Know your Numerology Number according to the Pythagorean method ![]() ![]() See also: /r/linux/wiki/rules/userconduct Additionally, sexism/racism/other isms are not allowed. Top violations of this rule are trolling, starting a flamewar, or not "Remembering the human" aka being hostile or incredibly impolite. Reddiquette is ever changing, so a revisit once in awhile is recommended. ![]() Reddiquette, trolling, or poor discussion - r/linux asks all users follow Reddiquette. This rule can also apply to comments, including overdone jokes, comment-chain jokes, or other redditisms that are popular elsewhere. Feel free to post over at /r/linuxmemes instead. No memes, image macros, rage comics, overdone jokes - Meme posts of any kind are not allowed in r/linux. Please see: r/linux/wiki/rules/banneddomains If there's another discussion on the topic, the link is welcome to be submitted as a top level comment to aid the previous discussion. Some reasons for removal are that they contain re-hosted content, usually paired with privacy-invading ads. Posts that are identified as either blog-spam, a link aggregator, or an otherwise low-effort website are to be removed. No spamblog submissions - Posts should be submitted using the original source with the original title. Looking for a distro? Try r/findmeadistro. No support requests - This is not a support forum! Head to /r/linuxquestions or /r/linux4noobs for support or help. All rules will be applied regardless of the number upvotes a post/comment has. Please review full details on rules here. Linux Unplugged (formerly Linux Action Show).Ubuntu / Kubuntu / Xubuntu / Ubuntu Budgie Remix, Lubuntu.FreeGaming / LinuxGaming / OpenSourceGames.Join us on IRC at #r/linux on libera.chat!□įor more AMAs, check out our wiki link by clicking here. GNU itself is also used without Linux, some examples appear in projects like Debian/kFreebsd and Guix GNU/Hurd. These can include things like Android or ChromeOS. Linux is also used without GNU in embedded systems, mobile phones, and more. GNU/Linux is a collaborative effort between the GNU project, formed in 1983 to develop the GNU operating system and the development team of Linux, a kernel. Free, Libre and open source software (FLOSS) means that everyone has the freedom to use it, see how it works, and change it. ![]() The operating system is a collection of the basic instructions that tell the electronic parts of the computer what to do and how to work. GNU/Linux is a free and open source software operating system for computers. ![]() Please Read the full Rules here before posting or commenting ![]() ![]() ![]() Reddit is a popular social media platform that has many communities. How To Find The Best Reddit NHL Streams Without Wasting Time All you need is a desktop or laptop with an internet connection and a browser that supports HTML5 video playback. Watching hockey streams on Reddit is free and easy to do. This subreddit is quickly becoming one of the most popular ways to watch hockey online. This article will discuss how Reddit NHL Stream can help you in various ways, such as watching live streams of your favorite sports games or catching up on missed games without having to pay for cable TV subscriptions.Ī Reddit NHL Stream is a subreddit that allows you to watch NHL games live and in the moment. The extension can be downloaded for free and it is compatible with Chrome, Firefox, Safari and Edge browsers. The Reddit NHL Stream is an extension that allows you to watch live streams on your browser. The platform has grown tremendously in recent years, with over 330 million active monthly users. Reddit is a social media platform that allows users to share content in the form of links or text posts. This allows people who don’t have cable TV or a subscription to watch their favorite teams play without having to pay for a service like NHL GameCenter Live. The NHL Streams subreddit is a place for people to post links to live streams of NHL games. The content is then voted on by other users and the most popular links get to the top of the page. Reddit is an online forum where people can post links to content they find interesting. Introduction: What is a Reddit NHL Stream and How can it Help You? A VPN service will allow you to bypass any geographical restrictions and access any game you want. There are many ways to stream NHL games online, but the best way is to use a VPN service. There are many reasons for this shift in viewing habits, but the most popular reason is that NHL streams are free to watch. NHL streams are becoming more and more popular as the number of people who watch hockey online grows. With the NHL’s partnership with Twitch and YouTube, hockey fans have many options for watching their favorite sport online. The NHL has partnered with these websites to broadcast games live, free of charge.įans can also watch archived games on the NHL website for a monthly fee. Streams are available on many websites, including live stream sites like Twitch and YouTube Gaming. NHL streams are the new way to watch hockey online. He is also the seventh rookie goalie to start with a four-plus game win streak.NHL Streams: The New Way to Watch Hockey Online He’s the first goalie to win his first four starts of their playoff career since Michael Leighton of the Flyers did it in 2010. ![]() ![]() Sorokin finished the series with a 4-0 record, a 1.95 GAA and a. Sorokin started Games 4-6 for the Islanders and led them to the 4-2 series victory Varlamov started in 35 games and Sorokin started in 21 games. The Islanders won both series and would eventually go on to win their first Stanley Cup in 1980 and their fourth straight Stanley Cup in 1983.ĭuring the regular season, the Islanders had a dominant combo of Semyon Varlamov and rookie Ilya Sorokin. Their first meeting was in 1980 in the Quarter-finals and their latest meeting was in 1983 in the NHL Conference Finals. , the Bruins and Islanders have only met twice in the postseason. In the first five matchups the Islanders outscored the Bruins 18-8, and in the last three matchups the Bruins outscored the Islanders 10-3. New York won the first five meetings and Boston won the final three matchups. The Islanders took the season series against the Bruins 5-2-1. You can watch the game online and on the NBC Sports app by clicking here. Bruins-Islanders stream coverage begins at 8 p.m. NBC’s coverage of the 2021 NHL Stanley Cup Playoffs continues with Saturday’s Game 1 between the Boston Bruins and New York Islanders. ![]() ![]() ![]() A second good option is Adobe Digital Edition, but it only reads epubs and PDF formats.Ĭons: Doesn't enable you to read books from external storage devices without first having to import them to its shelf, which means the taking up of space in you internal HD. The minus side of Stanza is that it cannot work without Java. In my experience Stanza has been the best alternative to save space in my PC HD and be able to read from any external storage device, not to mention the possibility of reading and converting a good variety of ebook formats. It has many different features, allowing you to manage, organize, edit, and even convert your ebooks into different formats. For some reason, our book showed up twice in the list, but only one. Voila, youll see your book now in Calibres main Window, and its 100 DRM free. Over 450 Real Portable Apps (49GB) Some with up to 150 locale, beta packages, etc Over 1.1 BILLION Downloads Free, Legal, Safe, and Fully Portable No. most well-known brands rely on Zamzar to convert their files safely and efficiently. Click the 'Select None' button, and then OK. With Calibre, everytime you want to open a book stored in an external HD, it will automatically import the book from the external device to your PC HD so as to display it on its shelf and enable the reading. Is Calibre Safe to Download Is There a Better Alternative (2023) Home / Book Formatting / Is Calibre Safe to Download Is There a Better Alternative Calibre is a free, open-source eBook management software. Dont download software - use Zamzar to convert it for free online. ![]() If you like me, want to save precious space in your PC Hard Drive and for this reason keep all your ebooks in an external storage device, then Calibre is not a good option. Not a good option for those who need to save space in their HD. ![]() ![]() Do not take more than 6 caplets in 24 hours unless instructed to do so by a doctor. Ask a doctor before giving to children under the age of 12. Do not use if plastic blister foil barrier is broken.This product is indicated for adults and children ages 12 and older. Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical attention or contact a Poison Control Center immediately. It is key not to use ibuprofen during the last 3 months of pregnancy unless definitely directed to do so by a doctor because it may cause problems in the unborn child or complications during delivery. If pregnant or breastfeeding: Ask your doctor before use. If you get nervous, dizzy, or sleepless.Redness or swelling is present in the painful area.Nasal congestion lasts for more than 7 days.Fever gets worse or lasts more than 3 days.If pain gets worse or lasts for more than 7 days. ![]()
![]() ![]() Moreover, Peer-to-peer sales contribute ~50% of all sales in this market. There are more than 42,000 used-car dealerships in the US alone. As you can see, the US used-car retail market is highly fragmented, with the top 100 dealer groups having just a 6% market share. We have previously spoken about the $840B+ used-car retail market in the US, but let's review our thoughts on it once more. In today's article, we will review the used-car market opportunity, assess Shift's business (qualitatively and quantitatively), and determine its fair value (and expected returns). According to my estimation, Shift can generate a CAGR return of ~35% over the next ten years. The stock is trading at a 76% discount to its fair value of $35.67. However, this price decline is an excellent opportunity to generate massive alpha over the long term. Since going public through a SPAC deal, Shift's stock has underperformed significantly after disappointing earnings reports (significantly lower GPU than previous guidance) in 2020. Over the next decade, Shift is set to deliver rapid revenue growth (~200% y/y growth expected for 2021) combined with margin improvements arising from economies of scale and the addition of higher-margin services. As the world's digital transformation proceeds further, more people should buy and sell used cars on e-commerce platforms like Shift, Vroom, and Carvana. However, the coronavirus pandemic has accelerated consumer use of e-commerce platforms and motivated people to own personal vehicles, and so, the online used-car sales market is likely to benefit from these tailwinds. In 2020, Shift's revenue growth rate slowed down to just 18% due to short-term issues related to inventory (which have been resolved as of March 2021). Hence, Shift is well positioned to benefit from the inevitable growth of e-commerce in the used auto retail market. Today, e-commerce penetration in this market stands at less than 2%. In the United States alone, the highly fragmented used-car market is estimated to be worth $840 billion. Furthermore, Shift offers value-added services such as financing, insurance, vehicle maintenance contracts, etc. ![]() Shift is an end-to-end auto e-commerce platform that enables users to buy and sell cars online right from the comfort of their homes. We will look at the logic of Shift's valuation at a later point in this article, but going by the numbers mentioned above, you know it's a no-brainer buy if the business holds up strong on our quality (BTM Crucial Characteristics) check. Vroom:Īs you can see, Shift is the best value and offers the highest expected return from this group of rapidly growing end-to-end auto e-commerce companies. In my hunt to find a way to play the used car market opportunity, I have finally zeroed in on Shift Technologies ( NASDAQ: SFT ).īefore we get into the detailed investment thesis, I would like to share a comparative analysis of Shift vs. Even at current prices, I don't like their valuations. Since then, Carvana has outperformed the S&P 500 by ~2%, and Vroom has underperformed S&P 500 by ~40%. However, after carrying out thorough due diligence, we concluded that both Carvana and Vroom were richly priced at $210 per share and $49 per share, respectively. Carvana: A Compelling Narrative With One Major Issue We have previously presented detailed research on both - Carvana and Vroom, as can be found here:ġ. Sergio Di Pasquale Luci/iStock Editorial via Getty Images Investment ThesisĪn acceleration in the transformational shift in the massive yet highly fragmented used car retail market (from traditional auto-dealerships toward digitally-native tech companies like Carvana ( CVNA) and Vroom ( VRM)) has piqued our interest over the last few months. ![]() Active contributors also get free access to SA Premium. It's easy to become a Seeking Alpha contributor and earn money for your best investment ideas. Learn More »Įditor's note: Seeking Alpha is proud to welcome Ahan Vashi as a new contributor. Looking for more investing ideas like this one? Get them exclusively at Beating the Market.According to my estimates, Shift's stock is severely undervalued and long-term investors could expect to generate ~35% CAGR returns over the next decade.Furthermore, I provide my fair value and expected return estimates for Shift based on very conservative assumptions. In this note, I will share a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of Shift's business.End-to-end e-commerce platforms such as Shift, Carvana, and Vroom are revolutionizing the used car industry through the use of advanced AI/ML technology.However, this market is still highly fragmented and e-commerce penetration remains below 2%. In the United States alone, the used car industry is estimated to be worth $840B per year.Shift is one of the most compelling ways to play the transformational change in consumer buying and selling patterns in the used car market. ![]() ![]() If the Editor generates a Pipe error ! message, you must increase the maximum open file limit in your current Editor session.Video importing is limited to the VP8 video format.The Linux Editor has the following limitations: More info See in Glossary or import from SketchUp. The native Apple silicon Editor doesn’t support the CPU lightmapper A tool in Unity that bakes lightmaps according to the arrangement of lights and geometry in your scene.If you are using Hub 2.4.5 and want to use the Apple silicon Editor: uninstall the Apple Intel version, download and run the standalone installer for Unity Editor (Apple silicon) from, and locate it through the Hub.To switch to the latest beta version of the Hub, change the “Channel” in Preferences > Advanced to “Beta” or re-download from.For more information, refer to the Hub release notes: Download and install of Apple silicon Editor via the Unity Hub is only possible through Hub version 3.0 Beta 6 or later, with some limitations in 3.0 Beta 6.The Apple silicon Editor has the following limitations: On macOS, secondary Editor windows only maximize, and don’t enter full screen mode. Other configuration and user environment as provided stock with the supported distribution (Kernel, Compositor, etc.)įor all operating systems, the Unity Editor is supported on workstations or laptop form factors, running without emulation, container or compatibility layer Gnome desktop environment running on top of X11 windowing system, Nvidia official proprietary graphics driver or AMD Mesa graphics driver. Rosetta 2 is required for Apple silicon devices running on either Apple silicon or Intel versions of the Unity Editor Hardware vendor officially supported driversĪpple officially supported drivers (Intel processor) OpenGL 3.2+ or Vulkan-capable, Nvidia and AMD GPUs X64 architecture with SSE2 instruction set support (Intel processors)Īpple M1 or above (Apple silicon-based processors) X64 architecture with SSE2 instruction set support Windows 10 version 21H1 (build 19043) or newer (圆4 versions only) Actual performance and rendering quality might vary depending on the complexity of your project. ![]() This section lists the minimum requirements to run the Unity Editor. ![]() Console Abbreviation of game console See in Glossary.This page outlines the minimum system requirements you need to run Unity 2023.2 on all supported platforms. ![]() ![]() ![]() The box includes a Flip Book with Instructions, an Animal Sounds CD, 8 Bingo Cards, 92 Counters in a Red Sack, and one Bingo Caller Card.I was able to pick this up before they retired it, and it's one of my first squishables. A fun bingo game, designed so people of all ages and abilities can play together. The Animal Bingo Audio Game is an engaging intergenerational activity for people in mid to late stage dementia. The contents include 4 bags of tiles (36 total), 5 quarter page templates,ġ half page template, and instructions. The Shapes Activity Set is similar to dominoes, with instructions for a variety of activities at various levels. This kit contains a Resource Folder, a Match the Shapes Activity Set, and Animal Bingo. Kit #7 – Activity Set, Bingo Game, Resource Folder The cards can be used for guessing games, conversation starters, as well as lacing activities. The Activity Set has instructions for high, middle and low ability levels. Items can be used individually or in a group. This kit contains a Resource Folder, a Word Search Binder with Marker, On the Dot Brain Teaser Game, and Look & Lace Activity Set. Kit #6 – Game, Activity Set, Word Search Binder, Resource Folder Dice cards are used instead of traditional dice to make the game easier to play. Large counters and a color-contrast board enable those with impaired vision to enjoy This kit contains a Resource Folder, a Mindstart 11.5″ x 16.25″ Raking Puzzle with 63 large pieces, and a Snakes & Ladders Board Game. Kit #5 – Puzzle, Board Game, Resource Folder The aim is to connect relevant images to encourage new associations and stimulate the brain. The game has 36 cards (4 theme cards and 32 image cards), across the topics of Transport, Food, Animals and Tools. This kit contains a Resource Folder, a Word Search Binder with Marker, a MindstartĨ.25″ x 11″ Fishing Puzzle with 24 large pieces, and the Image Snap Card Game. Kit #4 – Puzzle, Card Game, Word Search Binder, Resource Folder Of club, spade, diamond, and heart, and 3 instruction cards. This 55 card set includes 4 cards each of 1-9 and The Numbers and Suits Card Game includes instructions for Higher and Lower Ability Group Play and Individual Play options. This kit contains a Resource Folder and two Mindstart 8.25″ x 11″ Puzzles: a 24-piece Baseball Puzzle with large pieces and a 12-piece Sports Ball Puzzle with extra large pieces. Kit #3 – Puzzles, Card Game, Resource Folder The Rainbow Bingo Game consists of a user guide to play High, Middle and Low Ability Level Games, 7 large cards (4 high and 3 middle level), 20 bingo calling cards, 15 each of red, yellow, blue, green, black chips, and 59 black marking pawns. This kit contains a Resource Folder and two Mindstart 8.25″ x 11″ Puzzles: a 24-piece Winter Puzzle with large pieces and a 12-piece Flower Puzzle with extra large pieces. Kit #2 – Puzzles, Bingo Game, Resource Folder Tools include a pouch with push button ball, netted squeeze ball, blue stretch tube,Ģ rattle eggs, 8-cube bendable object, 3 mesh pouches with marble, pea pod object. This kit contains a Resource Folder and the book “My Two Elaines” by Martin J. This is a great resource for caregivers, relatives and friends of those affected with dementia and other cognitive disabilities. The below listed Care Kits for Aging/Disability/Dementia are available for 28 day checkout. Program notices are also listed in the local newspaper. Large Print Books and Audio CD Books are available at our library. We can order in items for you, just ask for assistance. Our website and facebook pages have information on upcoming programs, as well as program flyers available at our library. Our Library offers a Dodge County Dementia Resource Guide available for checkout, and a variety of Care Kits for Aging/Disability/Dementia. Items include the monthly senior dining menu, ADRC newsletter, calendar of events, along with flyers for the Caregiver Support Group and Spark meetings. Theresa Public Library has a variety of information for seniors from the Aging & Disability Resource Center available at our library. ![]() ![]() ![]() While the characteristic curves that define muscle forces are non-linear, muscle activations are the only design variables in the problem and appear linearly in the muscle-generated joint moment equations. One important property of static optimization is that the problem is linear in its design variables. In this lab, we will use the moment-matching approach, but think about how you would solve the acceleration-matching problem as you work on your code. Lastly, rather than matching muscle-generated moments to net joint moments from inverse dynamics, OpenSim's StaticOptimizationTool requires that joint accelerations generated from muscle forces match joint accelerations computed from motion data. However, OpenSim's implementation does not include passive muscle contributions when computing total muscle force, f^m. Typically, an activations-squared cost function ( p = 2) is used for most research applications. OpenSim uses a similar cost function where activation raised to a user-defined power is minimized. OpenSim's Static Optimization Tool is similar to the problem definition above (see How Static Optimization Works). Net joint moments are typically computed from inverse dynamics, and inverse kinematics is used to compute all muscle kinematic states. The muscle activations are the only problem "design variables", or the values that the optimizer can change to minimize the cost and satisfy the constraints. The labels "minimize" and "subject to" denote the problem cost function and constraints, respectively. We often describe this as the "muscle redundancy problem". We use the term "static" since no dynamics appear in the optimization problem: activation dynamics are ignored, tendons are assumed rigid, and multibody dynamics are prescribed via motion data. Most static optimization problems take the following form: Since there are more muscles than degrees-of-freedom in the human body, this problem is "non-unique" (i.e., many possible solutions exist), hence the need for optimization. The goal of static optimization is to solve for muscle activations that produce the dynamics of an observed motion. Learn how to write your own static optimization code.Become familiar with using the OpenSim API through MATLAB. ![]() Learn the basics of the static optimization problem, including OpenSim's implementation and alternative implementations.In this lab, you will write your own code to better understand the elements required to solve the static optimization problem, draw comparisons to OpenSim's implementation, and learn how extend the basic tool to fit new research applications. Despite its popularity, OpenSim's implementation of this method only permits one type of cost function and a fixed set of constraints, and therefore is only applicable to research questions that can accept these limitations. Static optimization is a widely used tool for estimating muscle activity due to its speed and ease-of-use, and many OpenSim users rely on the Static Optimization Tool as a key part of their simulation research pipelines. Methods for estimating muscle forces from experimental data are an essential part of the biomechanist's simulation toolkit. The tutorial below is designed for use with OpenSim version 4.0 and later. ![]() |
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